Immanuel Kant And Kant On Morality - 1097 Words

The general definition of morality is the rules for right action and prohibitions against wrong acts. Sometimes morality is the single set of absolute rules and prohibitions that are valid for all men at all times and all societies. More loosely, a morality can be any set of ultimate principles, and there may be any number of moralities in different societies. Examples would be don’t cheat, don’t steal, and treat others as you would want to be treated. When dealing with the philosophers take on morality, there are two which are usually compared to one another, Immanuel Kant and David Hume. Immanuel Kant had many theories throughout his philosophical time. Here are some of his ethical works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), which contains both â€Å"the Doctrine of Right† and â€Å"the Doctrine of Virtue.† He also had some other works of importance to his moral ph ilosophy including the Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790), Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (1793), and Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View (1798). Here are some of Hume’s main ethical writings, A Treatise on Human Nature (1739–40), especially books two and three, and in An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751). Also relevant to Hume s ethics are various essays, such as â€Å"Of Suicide† (1777), parts of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748), and his Dialogues Concerning Natural ReligionShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant And The Principle Of Morality1279 Words   |  6 PagesImmanuel Kant was a German philosopher who argued that reason is the source of morality. He had a few categorical imperatives which consisted of universalizability, using people as an end in itself rather than as a means, and formulation of autonomy. In his imperative of universalizability, he strongly believed that an act is only morally right if it can be universalized and applied to every situation. For example, if it was morally right for someone to lie, then it should be morally right for everyoneRead MoreComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesDavid Hume and Immanuel Kant David Hume and Immanuel Kant each made a significant break from other theorists in putting forward a morality that doesn’t require a higher being or god, for a man to recognize his moral duty. Although Hume and Kant shared some basic principals they differed on their view of morality. In comparing the different views on human will and the maxims established to determine moral worth by David Hume and Immanuel Kant, I find their theories on morality have some meritRead MoreKant And Mill : Morality As A Responsibility Towards Positive Impacts1578 Words   |  7 PagesBoth Kant and Mill describe morality as a responsibility towards positive impacts. Kant views morality as thought out actions leading to positive outcomes for others through means of using ones conscience (Kant, Immanuel, 2). 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I believe, the purpose to a lie is achieving a goal at the expense of another. It holds no moral or ethical value. Human beings are entitled to be respect by others. A philosopher known as Immanuel Kant who established two rules called as categorical imperative under the deontology theory (Kant, 2008). Deontology is the obligation or duty to act (Mosser, 2013). The rules in categorical imperative are one should act in a way that maxims resulting in action being a universal law and actRead MoreThe concept of human nature focuses on the distinctive natural characteristics of humans, namely1500 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerning our variant attributes. Nevertheless, one philosopher, by the name of Immanuel Kant cannot be classified solely as religious, a realist, conservative or rational, as he seemingly wanted to move past the conventional polychotomy and his ideologies were representative of modern, Enlightened philosophy – a combined product of the numerous views of human nature proposed by his predecessors. The convictions of Kant in terms of human nature are referred to as the Copernican Revolution of PhilosophyRead MoreKantian Ethics And The Categorical Imperative Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Kantian Ethics and critiques In Elements of Pure Practical Reason Book, I, Immanuel Kant, a prominent late Enlightenment Era German philosopher discusses his most famous ethical theory, the â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The â€Å"Categorical Imperative† is a proposed universal law in stating all humans are forbidden from certain actions regardless of consequences. Although this is the general definition of this ethical theory, the Categorical Imperative† exists in two above formulations, A strictRead MoreEssay on Role of Happiness in Ethical Decisions1209 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason† (Kant 1). The usage of reason as a representation of one’s intellect is a common trait in the 21st century. Happiness, a positive emotion, tends to blur one’s judgement and coerces philosophers to look upon its relevance when formulating ethical decisions. When considering the role of emotion in ethical decisions, one must con sider the contrasting views of Immanuel Kant, an 18th Prussian philosopher that focussed his philosophies aroundRead MoreThe Comparable And Contrastable Philosophies Of Kierkegaard And Kant Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesContrastable Philosophies of Kierkegaard and Kant In this paper, I will investigate the comparable and contrasting views of Soren Kierkegaard and Immanuel Kant. Their extraordinary journeys towards the meaning of morality and ethics is riveting, spiritual, universal, and in many ways, incredibly different. My conclusion is that though there are aspects which bind their theories together, ultimately both men possess different understandings of what morality is and how an individual ought to be moralRead MoreKant : The Father Of Enlightenment1071 Words   |  5 PagesStanford Marquis Essay 2 Kant: The Father of Enlightenment The 18th Century is referred to as the Age of Reason or Enlightenment as it was during this period that reason and individualism was advocated as a means of power. Science and reason were revolutionizing society by challenging the facts deeply rooted in tradition. This new rational way of thinking used logic to arrive at conclusions. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, was one of the primary figures of this era that cultivated reason and

Political dynasties in the philippines free essay sample

Last 2011, Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago introduced the Senate Bill 2649, also known as Anti-dynasty bill which guarantees the Article II, Section 26 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines which states that â€Å"The state shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law. † Political dynasty can be put in effect when a person who is a spouse to an incumbent official runs for an elective office within the same province or district as soon as the term of the incumbent officer comes to an end (Santiago, 2011). The said bill has been posted both in the House of Representatives and the Senate waiting for approval; however, Manila Bulletin published an article last November 23, 2013 regarding the Speaker of the House of Representatives Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. treating the anti-dynasty bill an â€Å"ordinary bill† since he noticed that the bill may have the same fate as the Reproductive Health bill and the Marcos Victims’ Compensation bill where it has the least priority, but were eventually approved into law. Putting the anti-dynasty bill in the least priority may trigger the citizens’ lack of patience when it comes to reform and hopelessness for a good future for the next generation of Filipinos thus political dynasty in the Philippines should be eradicated because it blocks the way towards progress, creates a gap between citizens and authorities as well as takes away the citizens’ right to choose when voting. Firstly, political dynasty should be eradicated in the Philippines because it blocks the way towards progress through economic power. Economic power breeds political power, and by economic power is economic monopolization such as landowning system, taking over industries such as mining, logging, sugar and tobacco production and linking to banks, financial institutions and tying up with international businesses (Tuazon, n. d). Having these advantages blocks the chance of civilians to have their own place in the economy of the country. A perfect example of these is the Cojuangcos, where the President of the Republic of the Philippines is very much related to. The Cojuangcos are known in the business, society and political sectors in the country. For once they hold the major share of the San Miguel Corporation led by business magnate Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. known to many as Danding, according to Forbes as of July of this year. Furthermore, according to The Varsitarian, they are well-known land owners of the 6,435-hectare sugar plantation in Tarlac, famously known as Hacienda Luisita which was involved in so many controversies between its owners and farmers for so many years. The political reign of the Cojuangcos started in the 19th century (What’s new, 2010) with Danding’s grandfather, Melecio Cojuangco as the Representative of the 1st district of Tarlac on the 1st Philippine Legislature back in 1907 (Cojuangco Clan, 2007). Nevertheless, the way the Cojuangcos carved both in business and in politics can help the future generation of Cojuangcos in preserving their name in both fields. However, not all political dynasties enter the business sector in the country, such as the Belmontes in Quezon City, leading them are the Belmonte patriarch, Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.  , who is the current Speaker of the House of Representatives and has been in the political world since 1992 being also the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Moreover, he served Quezon City for three successive terms, specifically from 2001 to 2010 (Vera Files, 2013) and was awarded by the Local Government Leadership Awards the Most Outstanding Mayor of the Philippines duri ng his term (Leadership Information, n. d. ). Following his footsteps in the political world is his daughter, Maria Josefina Belmonte, famously known as Joy Belmonte to her constituents being the two-time Vice Mayor in Quezon City, the same municipality that her father served for a long time (Vera Files, 2013). She has also been involved in many advocacies such as the Quezon City Protection Center for Women, Children and LGBT as well as YGREEN QC or Youth for a Green Quezon City (Vice Mayor, n. d. ). This father and daughter duo is a perfect example that not all dynasties in politics have conquered the economy of the country as well. Secondly, political dynasties create a gap between citizens and authorities. Political dynasties have been creating private armies to intimidate rivals in politics thus intimidating its constituents to ask for help to authorities when they need one (Kenewas Trajano, 2013). Furthermore, with their power, they can manipulate sectors in the government thus creating the abuse of the absence of check and balance (Simbulan, 2007). Many political dynasties are known for holding agencies in the government secretly to sustain their political power, creating alliances to those agencies to keep their power in place, just like what former president Gloria Arroyo who is also a part of a political dynasty, did on the 2004 general elections for instance, where she called Commission on Election Commissioner Virgilio Garcillano to manipulate the votes of the presidential elections in some of the parts of the country. Evidently, transparency among the votes was blocked because of this event. Former Gloria Arroyo is also a part of a political dynasty, starting with her father, who also became President of this country, Diosdado Macapagal and two of her sons are in the politics as well. On the contrary, being a member of a political dynasty doesn’t mean corruption and manipulation automatically, there are still good members of dynasties who serve well in the world of politics (Facts on Political Dynasties, 2013). One dynasty that can be named is the Cayetano dynasty, former Senator Rene Cayetano, the patriarch of the family started this dynasty. Moreover, the Cayetano patriarch created a number of Senate Bills with an objective of addressing justice for criminal cases and restraining corruption such as the Supreme Court issued Administrative Order 51-96 wherein there will be an assigned criminal courts in the Metro and other cities to address cases involving crimes and the trial must be finished within 60 days (Renato L. Companero Cayetano, n. d. ). Having this kind of reputation, his children decided to follow their father’s footsteps in politics, two Cayetanos are in the Senate today, one is Pia Cayetano and the other is Allan Cayetano, known director Lino Cayetano also joined the wagon as the Representative of Taguig. Indeed, the three siblings continued their father’s legacy through numerous acts of public service, Senate Bills that creates a bridge to the citizens. Without a doubt, the Cayetanos are the proof that a political dynasty doesn’t create a gap between citizens and authorities such as government agencies. Lastly, political dynasties should be eradicated because it takes away the citizens’ right to choose when voting. Evidently, there are many political dynasties in the Philippines. According to the Center for People Empowerment in Good Governance (CENPEG), 94% of the provinces today have a political dynasty that is 73 provinces out of 80. Additionally, in the 2010 elections alone, there are 178 dominant political dynasties taking over the government and 100 of these dynasties came from old elites and 78 of these dynasties came from EDSA People Power I and after Marcos’ 1987 elections (CENPEG, n. d. ). Indeed, having these statistics clearly shows how political dynasties created the politics in the Philippines and how they are continuing ruling and taking over the power. Although this may be true, having a politicaldynasty is a traditional politics (Cabigao, 2013). Studies show that since 1903, dynastic candidates have a bigger chance of winning the elections versus non-dynastic candidates; the study showed that the chance a dynastic candidate can win is 30% (Cabigao, 2013). According to Cabigao, citizens base their votes on campaigns based on personalities and dynastic support. Nevertheless, it is still up to the citizens to choose who to vote, even if the candidate came from a political dynasty or not. On the whole, it is clear that the eradication of the political dynasty in the Philippines will have a very long process; however it is also clear that it is the time for the country to have a just and clean politics so that the next generation of Filipinos may experience a government that is truly democratic. In a conference led by the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines, they said that â€Å"Political authority exists for the common good. It is not to be exercised for the sake of private and family interests or simply for the interests of a political party. †